CHOCOLATE

CHOCOLATE

 Chocolate is a raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Cacao has been cultivated for at least three millennia in Mexico, Central and South America. Its earliest documented use is around 1100 BC. The majority of the Mesoamericanpeople made chocolate beverages, including the Aztecs, who made it into a beverage known as xocolātl, a Nahuatl word meaning "bitter water". The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste, and must be fermented to develop the flavor.
After fermentation, the beans are dried, then cleaned, and then roasted, and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. The nibs are then ground to cocoa mass, pure chocolate in rough form. Because this cocoa mass usually is liquefied then molded with or without other ingredients, it is called chocolate liquor. The liquor also may be processed into two components: cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Unsweetened baking chocolate(bitter chocolate) contains primarily cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form ofsweet chocolate, combining cocoa solids, cocoa butter or other fat, and sugar. Milk chocolate is sweet chocolate that additionally contains milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk but no cocoa solids.
Cocoa solids contain alkaloids such as theobromine and phenethylamine, which have physiological effects on the body. It has been linked toserotonin levels in the brain. Some research found that chocolate, eaten in moderation, can lower blood pressure.[1] The presence of theobrominerenders chocolate toxic to some animals,[2] especially dogs and cats.
Chocolate has become one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes have become traditional on certain holidays: chocolate bunnies and eggs are popular on Easter, chocolate coins on Hanukkah, Santa Claus and other holiday symbols on Christmas, and chocolate hearts or chocolate in heart-shaped boxes on Valentine's Day. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, to produce chocolate milk and hot chocolate.
Cocoa mass was used originally in Mesoamerica both as a beverage and as an ingredient in foods. Chocolate played a special role in both Maya and Aztec royal and religious events. Priests presented cacao seeds as offerings to the gods and served chocolate drinks during sacred ceremonies. All of the areas that were conquered by the Aztecs that grew cacao beans were ordered to pay them as a tax, or as the Aztecs called it, a "tribute".[3]
The Europeans sweetened and fattened it by adding refined sugar and milk, two ingredients unknown to the Mexicans. By contrast, the Europeans never infused it into their general diet, but have compartmentalized its use to sweets and desserts. In the 19th century, Briton John Cadbury developed an emulsification process to make solid chocolate, creating the modern chocolate bar. Although cocoa is originally from the Americas, today Western Africa produces almost two-thirds of the world's cocoa, with Côte d'Ivoire growing almost half of it.

The word "chocolate" entered the English language from Spanish.[4] How the word came into Spanish is less certain, and there are multiple competing explanations. Perhaps the most cited explanation is that "chocolate" comes from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, from the word chocolātl, which many sources derived from xocolātl [ʃokolaːtɬ], from xococ 'sour' or 'bitter', and ātl'water' or 'drink'.[4] However, as William Bright noted[5] the word "chocolatl" does not occur in central Mexican colonial sources, making this an unlikely derivation. Santamaria[6] gives a derivation from the Yucatec Maya word "chokol" meaning hot, and the Nahuatl "atl" meaning water. Sophie and Michael D. Coe agree with this etymology. Pointing to various sources dating from the time period of the Spanish conquest, they identify cacahuatl ("cacao water") as the original Nahuatl word for the cold beverage consumed by the Aztecs. Noting that using a word with caca in it to describe a thick, brown beverage would not have gone over well with most speakers of Spanish due to the fact that caca means faeces in Spanish, the Coes suggest that the Spanish colonisers combined the Nahuatl atl with the Yucatec Maya chocol, for unlike the Aztec, the Maya tended to drink chocolate heated. The Spanish preferred the warm Mayan preparation of the beverage to the cold Aztec one, and so the colonisers substituted chocol in place of the culturally unacceptable caca.[7] More recently, Dakin and Wichmann derive it from another Nahuatl term, "chicolatl" from eastern Nahuatl, meaning "beaten drink". They derive this term from the word for the frothing stick, "chicoli".[8] However, the Coes write that xicalli referred to the gourd out of which the beverage was consumed and that the use of a frothing stick (known as a molinollo) was a product of creolisation between the Spanish and Aztec; the original frothing method used by the indigenous people was simply pouring the drink from a height into another vessel
Chocolate has been used as a drink for nearly all of its history. The earliest record of using chocolate dates back before the Olmec. In November 2007, archaeologists reported finding evidence of the oldest known cultivation and use of cacao at a site in Puerto Escondido, Honduras, dating from about 1100 to 1400 BC.[9] The residues found and the kind of vessel they were found in indicate the initial use of cacao was not simply as a beverage, but the white pulp around the cacao beans was likely used as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.[9] The Maya civilization grew cacao trees in their backyards,[10] and used the cacao seeds it produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.[11] Documents in Maya hieroglyphs stated chocolate was used for ceremonial purposes, in addition to everyday life.[12] The chocolate residue found in an early ancient Maya pot in Río Azul, Guatemala, suggests the Maya were drinking chocolate around 400 AD.
The sweet chocolate residue found in jars from the site of Puerto Escondido in Honduras from around 1100 BC is the earliest found evidence of the use of cacao to date.[13] An early Classic (460–480 AD) period Mayan tomb from the site of Rio Azul, Guatemala, had vessels with the Maya glyph for cacao on them with residue of a chocolate drink.[14] The Maya are generally given credit for creating the first modern chocolate beverage over 2,000 years ago, despite the fact that the beverage would undergo many more changes in Europe.[15]
By the 15th century, the Aztecs gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica, and adopted cacao into their culture. They associated chocolate withXochiquetzal, the goddess of fertility,[16] and often used chocolate beverages as sacred offerings.[14] The Aztec adaptation of the drink was a bitter, frothy, spicy drink called xocolatl, made much the same way as the Mayan chocolate drinks. It was often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, andachiote, and was believed to fight fatigue, which is probably attributable to the theobromine content, a mood enhancer. Because cacao would not grow in the dry central Mexican highlands and had to be imported, chocolate was an important luxury good throughout the Aztec empire, and cocoa beans were often used as currency.[17] For example, the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost one hundred cacao beans and one fresh avocado was worth three beans.[18] South American and European cultures have used cocoa to treat diarrhea for hundreds of years.[19] All of the areas ruled by the Aztecs were ordered to pay a tax, leading those that grew the beans to offer cacao seeds as tribute

Strawberry

STRAWBERRY

The garden strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, is a hybrid species that is cultivated worldwide for its fruit, the (common) strawberry. It is also called the pineapple strawberry, or ananas strawberry.[1] The fruit (which is not a botanical berry, but an aggregate accessory fruit) is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in prepared foods such aspreserves, fruit juice, pies, ice creams, and milkshakes. Artificial strawberry aroma is also widely used in many industrialized food products.

The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and Fragaria chiloensis, which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714.[2]

Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa have replaced, in commercial production, the woodland strawberry, which was the first strawberry species cultivated in the early 17th century.[3]

The strawberry is, in technical terms, an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the "receptacle" that holds the ovaries.[4] Each apparent "seed" (achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it.[4] In both culinary and botanical terms, the entire structure is considered a fruit

Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, color, flavor, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant.[6] Some vary in foliage, and some vary materially in the relative development of their sexual organs. In most cases, the flowers appear hermaphroditic in structure, but function as either male or female.[7] For purposes of commercial production, plants are propagated from runners (stolons) and, in general, distributed as either bare root plants or plugs. Cultivation follows one of two general models, annual plasticulture[8] or a perennial system of matted rows or mounds.[9] A small amount of strawberries are also produced in greenhouses during the of the strawberry. 

The bulk of modern commercial production uses the plasticulture system. In this method, raised beds are formed each year, fumigated, and covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants, usually obtained from northern nurseries, are planted through holes punched in this covering, and irrigation tubing is run underneath. Runners are removed from the plants as they appear, in order to encourage the plants to put most of their energy into fruit development. At the end of the harvest season, the plastic is removed and the plants are plowed into the ground.[8][11] Because strawberry plants more than a year or two old begin to decline in productivity and fruit quality, this system of replacing the plants each year allows for improved yields and denser plantings.[8][11] However, because it requires a longer growing season to allow for establishment of the plants each year, and because The other major method, which uses the same plants from year to year growing in rows or on mounds, is most common in colder climates.[8][9] It has lower investment costs, and lower overall maintenance requirements.[9] Yields are typically lower than in plasticulture.[9]

A third method uses a compost sock. Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), flavonoids, anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, sucrose, malic acid, and citric acid than fruit produced in the black plastic mulch or matted row systems.[12]Similar results in an earlier 2003 study conducted by the US Dept of Agriculture, at the Agricultural Research Service, in Beltsville Maryland, confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars.[13]

Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit.[6][14] Traditionally, this has consisted of a division between "June-bearing" strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and "ever-bearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season.[14] Research has shown recently[when?] that strawberries actually occur in three basic flowering habits: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These refer to the day-length sensitivity of the plant and the type of photoperiod that induces flower formation. Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod.[15]

Strawberries may also be propagated by seed, though this is primarily a hobby activity, and is not widely practiced commercially. A few seed-propagated cultivars have been developed for home use, and research into growing from seed commercially is ongoing.[16] Seeds (achenes) are acquired either via commercial seed suppliers, or by collecting and saving them from the fruit.

Strawberries can also be grown indoors in strawberry pots.

Kashubian strawberry (truskawka kaszubska or kaszëbskô malëna)[17] is produced in Kartuzy, Kościerzyna and Bytów counties and in the municipalities of Przywidz, Wejherowo, Luzino,Szemud, Linia, Łęczyce and Cewice in Kashubia. Only the following varieties may be sold as kaszëbskô malëna: Senga Sengana, Elsanta, Honeoye that have been graded as Extra or Class I.

UNIVERSAL STUDIO

UNIVERSAL STUDIO

Universal Studios Hollywood is a movie studio and theme park in the unincorporated Universal City community of Los Angeles County, California,United States. It is one of the oldest and most famous Hollywood movie studios still in use. Its official marketing headline is "The Entertainment Capital of LA", though during the summer it is often advertised as "The Coolest Place in LA." It was initially created to offer tours of the real Universal Studios soundstages and sets. It is the first of many full-fledged Universal Studios Theme Parks located across the world. Woody Woodpecker is the mascot for Universal Studios Hollywood.
Outside the theme park, Universal City includes hotels Universal Hilton & Towers, the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts, the multi-screen Globe Theatre, often used for banquets and receptions, and Universal CityWalk, which offers a collection of shops and restaurants, as well as the Gibson Amphitheatre, a concert venue.
The first studio tour
From the beginning, Universal had offered tours of its studio. After Carl Laemmle opened Universal City on March 14, 1915, he would later invite the general public to see all the action for an admission fee of just $0.05, which also included a lunch box containing chicken inside. There was also a chance to buy fresh produce, since then-rural Universal City was still in part a working farm. This original tour was discontinued in around 1930, due to the advent of sound films coming to Universal.[1]
[edit]The arrival of Universal Studios Hollywood (the theme park)
Shortly after Music Corporation of America took over Universal Pictures in 1962, accountants suggested a new tour in the studio commissary would increase profits. On July 15, 1964, the modern tour was established to include a series of dressing room walk-throughs, peeks at actual production, and later, staged events.[1] This grew over the years into a full-blown theme park. The narrated tram tour (formerly "GlamorTrams" [2]) still runs through the studio's active backlot, but the staged events, stunt demonstrations and high-tech rides overshadow the motion-picture production that once lured fans to Universal Studios Hollywood.[1][3]
In 1965, The War Lord Tower opened as one of the first attractions in the amusement park. This was followed by the opening of the Animal Actors School Stage in 1970. In 1974, the Rockslide staged event was added to the Studio Tour. The following year The Land of a Thousand Faces opened on the Upper Lot. In 1979, The Battle of Galactica replaced Rockslide as a staged event on the Studio Tour.
In 1980, Universal Studios Hollywood replaced The Land of a Thousand Faces with the Castle Dracula Live Show. The Wild Wild Wild West Stunt Show also opened in the same year. In 1983, The Adventures of Conan: A Sword and Sorcery Spectacular opened, replacing the Castle Dracula Live Show. In 1984, The Screen Test Theatre was closed and replaced by Star Trek Adventure. The A-Team Live Stunt Show also opened. In 1986, the park added the King Kong Encounter to the Studio Tour. The following year the A-Team Live Stunt Show was replaced with Miami Vice Action Spectacular.
In 1990, An American Tail and Fievel's Playland opened on the Upper Lot. This was followed by the opening of E.T. Adventure, Lucy: A Tribute and The World of CineMagic in 1991. In 1992, Backdraft and Rocky and Bullwinkle Live opened. Beetlejuice's Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue also began, replacing The Adventures of Conan: A Sword and Sorcery Spectacular on the Upper Lot. In 1993, the Battle of Galactica event on the Studio Tour was removed and the area was utilised for Back to the Future: The Ride. In 1994, Spectrablast opened for a limited season. Both Spectrablast and Miami Vice Action Spectacular were replaced later in the year by Waterworld: A Live Sea War Spectacular. The Flintstones Show opened, replacing the Star Trek Adventure. In 1996, Jurassic Park: The Ride opened. In 1997, two shows were replaced: The Land Before Time show replaced Rocky and Bullwinkle Live; and Totally Nickelodeon replaced The Flintstones Show. Just one year after it opened, The Land Before Time show was replaced with Coke Soak. In 1999, T2 3-D: Battle Across Time and a Chicken Run Walkthrough opened on the upper lot. Additionally, Beetlejuice's Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue was closed.
In 2000, the Rugrats Magic Adventure replaced Totally Nickelodeon. In 2001, the Nickelodeon Blast Zone opened. Also in 2001, Animal Planet Live replaced the Animal Actors School Stage. In 2002, the Special Effects Stages replaced The World of CineMagic, Spider-Man Rocks opened where Beetlejuice's Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue once stood and The Mummy Returns: Chamber of Doom replaced Chicken Run Walkthrough. The Wild Wild Wild West Stunt Show was also closed and has yet to receive a replacement. In 2003, Shrek 4-D replaced Rugrats Magic Adventure on the Upper Lot. Additionally, E.T Adventure was closed to make way for Revenge of The Mummy The Ride which opened in the following year. In 2004, Van Helsing: Fortress Dracula replaced The Mummy Returns: Chamber of Doom. The following year, Fear Factor Live replaced Spider-Man Rocks. In 2007, Universal's House of Horrors opened, replacing Van Helsing: Fortress Dracula. Both Lucy: A Tribute and Back to the Future: The Ride were closed, prior to being replaced in 2008 by The Simpsons Ride and The Universal Story Museum respectively. Also in 2008, the Nickelodeon Blast Zone was rebranded to The Adventures of Curious George. In 2009, Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Musical replaced Fear Factor Live in the Upper Lot.
In 2010, the Special Effects Stages and Backdraft attractions were closed to make way for Transformers: The Ride which was announced in 2008 (Special Effects Stages was moved to the former Creature From The Black Lagoon building and reopened as Special Effects Stage).[19] King Kong 360 3-D also opened. On May 24, 2012, Transformers: The Ride opened on the Lower Lot.[19]
Universal Studios Hollywood have plans to open The Wizarding World of Harry Potter which will feature the Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride sometime after 2014.

WATCH

WATCH

A watch is a small clock, typically worn either on the wrist or attached on a chain and carried in a pocket; wristwatches, however, are the most common type of watch used today. Watches evolved in the 17th century from spring powered clocks, which appeared in the 15th century. The first watches were strictly mechanical. As technology progressed, the mechanisms used to measure time have, in some cases, been replaced by use of quartz vibrations or electromagnetic pulses.[1] The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970.[2]

Before wristwatches became popular in the 1920s, most watches were pocket watches, which often had covers and were carried in a pocket and attached to a watch chain or watch fob.[3] In the early 1900s, the wristwatch, originally called a Wristlet, was reserved for women and considered more of a passing fad than a serious timepiece. Men, who carried pocket watches, were quoted as saying they would "sooner wear a skirt as wear a wristwatch".[4] This changed in World War I, when soldiers on the battlefield found pocket watches to be impractical and attached their watches to their wrist by a cupped leather strap. It is also believed that Girard-Perregaux equipped the German Imperial Navy with wristwatches in a similar fashion as early as the 1880s, to be used while synchronizing naval attacks and firing artillery.[4]

Most inexpensive and medium-priced watches used mainly for timekeeping are electronic watches with quartz movements.[1] Expensive collectible watches, valued more for their workmanship and aesthetic appeal than for simple timekeeping, often have purely mechanical movements and are powered by springs, even though mechanical movements are less accurate than more affordable quartz movements. In addition to the time, modern watches often display the day, date, month and year, and electronic watches may have many other functions. Watches that provide additional time-related features such as timers, chronographs and alarm functions are not uncommon. Some modern designs even go as far as using GPS[5] technology or heart-rate monitoring[6] capabilities.

The study of timekeeping is known as horology.

Compared to electronic movements, mechanical watches are less accurate, often with errors of seconds per day, and they are sensitive to position, temperature[9] and magnetism.[10] They are also costly to produce, require regular maintenance and adjustment, and are more prone to failure. Nevertheless, the craftsmanship of mechanical watches still attracts interest from part of the watch-buying public. Skeleton watches are designed to leave the mechanism visible for aesthetic purposes.

Mechanical movements use an escapement mechanism to control and limit the unwinding and winding parts of a spring, converting what would otherwise be a simple unwinding into a controlled and periodic energy release. Mechanical movements also use a balance wheel together with thebalance spring (also known as a hairspring) to control motion of the gear system of the watch in a manner analogous to the pendulum of a pendulum clock. The tourbillon, an optional part for mechanical movements, is a rotating frame for the escapement, which is used to cancel out or reduce the effects of gravitational bias to the timekeeping. Due to the complexity of designing a tourbillon, they are very expensive, and only found in "prestige" watches.

The pin-lever escapement (called the Roskopf movement after its inventor, Georges Frederic Roskopf), which is a cheaper version of the fully levered movement, was manufactured in huge quantities by many Swiss manufacturers as well as Timex, until it was replaced by quartz movements.[11][12][13]

Tuning-fork watches use a type of electromechanical movement. Introduced by Bulova in 1960, they use a tuning fork with a precise frequency (most often 360 hertz) to drive a mechanical watch. The task of converting electronically pulsed fork vibration into rotary movement is done via two tiny jeweled fingers, called pawls. Tuning-fork watches were rendered obsolete when electronic quartz watches were developed. Quartz watches were cheaper to produce and even more accurate.

Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a mainspring as a power source. In manual watches the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique pocketwatches were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40 hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.

Cameron Highland

CAMERON HIGHLAND

The Cameron Highlands is one of Malaysia’s most extensive hill stations. It covers an area of 712 square kilometres (275 sq mi).

To the north, its boundary touches that of Kelantan; to the west, it shares part of its border with Perak.

Situated at the northwestern tip of Pahang, the “Camerons” is approximately 85 kilometres (53 mi) from Ipoh or about 200 kilometres (120 mi) fromKuala Lumpur.

During the day, the temperature seldom rises above 25 °C (77 °F); at night, the temperature can sometimes drop to as low as 12 °C (54 °F).[1]

The resort has a diverse population of more than 34,000 people. It comprises Malays, Chinese, Indians and other ethnic groups. The literacy rate here is above 88 percent.

The plateau was first developed by the British in the 1920s. It is made up of three sub-districts, namely Ringlet (5,165 hectares (12,760 acres)),Tanah Rata (2,081 hectares (5,140 acres)) and Ulu Telom (63,981 hectares (158,100 acres)). Of the three, Tanah Rata serves as the administrative centre of the region.

In all, the retreat consists of eight neighbourhoods. The three townships are Ringlet, Tanah Rata and Brinchang. The area's five settlements are theBertam Valley, Kea Farm, Tringkap, Kuala Terla and Kampung Raja. All are nestled at an altitude of more than 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).

The gateways to the highlands are via Kuala Lipis or Raub through Pos Betau to Ringlet. From Perak, it can be accessed either from Tapah orSimpang Pulai. While from Kelantan, route available from Gua Musang to Pulai in Gua Musang to Kampung Raja.

The Cameron Highlands got its name from William Cameron, a British surveyor who was commissioned by the then colonial government to map out the area in 1885.

In a statement concerning his mapping expedition, Cameron mentioned he saw “a vortex in the mountains, while for a (reasonably) wide area we have gentle slopes and plateau land.”

He (William Cameron) mapped out the high tableland on the Perak-Pahang borders known since as the Cameron Highlands and used to return to Kuala Lumpur at unpredictable intervals bringing samples of unexploited mineral deposits.

When approached, the late Sir Hugh Low, the Resident of Perak, expressed the wish of developing the flat terrain as a “sanatorium, health resort and open farmland”. A narrow path to “Cameron’s Land” was then carved through the dense jungle. Nothing much happened after that.

Forty years later, Sir George Maxwell visited the locale and decided to transform the place into a hill station. A development committee was formed in 1925.[3] Later, a road was constructed from Tapah to the highlands.

The building of the road was a challenge. The crew not only had to deal with the weather; they also had to live with the risk of being down with malaria.

By the mid-1930s the resort was proving very popular for local leave. The Green Cow Tavern at the entrance to the Tallom Valley held the accolade of being the highest hotel in the peninsular.

When the road was completed in 1931,[5] the British and the locals moved in to settle on the slopes of the mountain. They were soon followed by tea planters and vegetable growers who found the fertile soil and cool climate to be especially suitable for the growing of their crops.

By the mid-1930s, there was a remarkable change in the territory: it now had a nine-hole golf course, several cottages, three inns, a police post, two boarding schools, a dairy, nurseries, vegetable farms, tea estates, a Government Rest House and an Experimental Agricultural Station.

The district continued to grow until the outbreak of the Second World War. During the Japanese Occupation (1942–1945), there was hardly any development in the area. When the Japanesewithdrew in August 1945, the place underwent a transformation.

Today, the haven is not only the biggest and best known of Malaysia’s hill stations; it is also the highest point in Malaysia which is accessible by car

Motivasi

Artikel motivasi ini menjelaskan definisi, pengertian, maksud, makna atau takrifan motivasi dengan cara yang lebih mudah difahami. 1. Motivasi Sebagai Pengarah Tuju & Penggerak Tindakan Perkataan MOTIVASI adalah berasal daripada perkataan Bahasa Inggeris - "MOTIVATION". Perkataan asalnya ialah "MOTIVE" yang juga telah dipinjam oleh Bahasa Melayu / Bahasa Malaysia kepada MOTIF, yakni bermaksud TUJUAN. Di dalam surat khabar, kerap pemberita menulis ayat "motif pembunuhan". Perkataan motif di sini boleh kita fahami sebagai sebab atau tujuan yang mendorong sesuatu pembunuhan itu dilakukan. Jadi, ringkasnya, oleh kerana perkataan motivasi adalah bermaksud sebab, tujuan atau pendorong, maka tujuan seseorang itulah sebenarnya yang menjadi penggerak utama baginya berusaha keras mencapai atau mendapat apa juga yang diinginkannya sama ada secara negatif atau positif. Oleh itu, kita boleh definisikan bahawa: "Motivasi adalah sesuatu yang menggerak dan mengarah tuju seseorang dalam tindakan-tindakannya sama ada secara negatif atau positif." 2. Motivasi Sebagai Pendorong Tujuan atau motif adalah sama fungsinya dengan matlamat, wawasan, aspirasi, hasrat atau cita-cita. Jadi, wawasan, cita-cita, impian, keinginan atau keperluan seseorang itu malah bagi sesebuah negara merupakan pendorong utama yang menggerakkan usaha bersungguh-sungguh untuk mencapai apa yang dihajatkan. Lebih penting sesuatu yang ingin dicapai, dimiliki, diselesaikan atau ditujui, lebih serius dan lebih kuatlah usaha seseorang, sesebuah keluarga, organisasi, masyarakat atau negara untuk mencapai apa juga matlamat yang telah ditetapkan. Jadi, dengan matlamat atau hasrat yang lebih penting atau besar, lebih kuatlah pula dorongan atau motivasi seseorang itu untuk berusaha bagi mencapai matlamatnya. Oleh itu, bolehlah kita buat kesimpulan di sini bahawa: "Motivasi adalah suatu bentuk dorongan minda dan hati yang menjadi penggerak utama seseorang, sesebuah keluarga atau organisasi untuk mencapai apa juga yang diinginkan." 3. Motivasi Sebagai Darjah Kesungguhan Tahap kepentingan sesuatu yang seseorang ingin capai, memberi kesan terhadap tahap kesungguhannya berusaha. Sungguhpun masa untuk mencapainya agak lama, tetapi jika apa yang dihasratkan itu amat penting, ia akan terus tetap mempunyai keinginan atau kesungguhan untuk berusaha sehinggalah matlamatnya tercapai. Oleh itu, bolehlah juga kita buat kesimpulan di sini bahawa: "Motivasi adalah darjah atau tahap kesungguhan dan tempoh keterusan seseorang, berusaha untuk mencapai tujuan atau matlamat." 4. Motivasi Sebagai Stimulator Seseorang lelaki dan wanita yang sedang saling amat cinta mencintai sehingga telah berjanji untuk hidup bersama, akan berusaha dengan penuh kesungguhan untuk menjadi suami isteri walaupun menghadapi pelbagai halangan berbuat demikian. Itulah sebab makanya, ramai pasangan yang kita dengar pergi bernikah ke luar negara apabila ada halangan (undang-undang) yang tidak membolehkan mereka mendapat sijil perkahwinan di dalam negara. Seperti kata pepatah Melayu "Nak, seribu daya. Tak nak, seribu dalih." Di sini dapatlah kita simpulkan bahawa: "Motivasi adalah stimulasi atau semangat akibat rangsangan atau keghairahan terhadap sesuatu yang benar-benar diingini." 5. Motivasi Sebagai Pemangkin Keberanian Apabila kita betul-betul dan benar-benar inginkan sesuatu, ketakutan atau kemalasan menjadi perkara kedua - mencapai matlamat akan menjadi perkara utama; keberanian, kerajinan dan ketekunan akan timbul. Oleh itu, bolehlah kita simpulkan atau definisikan bahawa: "Motivasi adalah suatu mangkin yang menimbul dan menyeramakkan keinginan, keberanian dan kesungguhan untuk mencapai sesuatu matlamat mencabar yang benar-benar diingini serta diyakini boleh dicapai / perolehi."

Tips Merawat Rambut Kering Dan Kusut

Mungkin ada diantara kalian yang kalau menyisir rambut susah banget , rambut kusut dan susah diluruskan. Rambut yang begitu akan menjadi lemah dan mudah putus, so jangan dibiarkan begitu saja lho ya, khususnya buat wanita neh, tapi tips ini berlaku buat lelaki juga tentunya. Kalian pasti menginginkan rambut yang sehat dan bersinar, bagaimana sih merawatnya ? Nah di bawah ini aku akan menuliskan beberapa tips nya :

●◆ Minum air putih, tau gak kalian bahwa minum air putih juga berperan dalam penjagaan rambut. Jadi biasakanlah minum air putih dan juga jus/juice buah-buahan tiap hari, itu mampu memberi kesegaran kepada rambut kita disamping berguna untuk menjaga kesehatan tubuh kita

●◆ Jangan keseringan menata gaya rambut dengan alat yang mengeluarkan hawa udara panas seperti hair dryer atau alat lain yang memberi kesan panas pada rambut.

●◆ Jangan suka menyisir rambut waktu rambut masih dalam keadaan basah, karena rambut jenis kering bisa jadi rapuh, dan bisa menyebabkan rambut patah.

●◆ Selepas kita keramas gunakanlah perapi rambut atau conditioner sesuai dengan jenis rambut kalian kemudian jangan lupa gunakan cream khusus untuk rambut untuk mencegah agar rambut tidak beruban. Cream ini juga berguna untuk merangsang pertumbuhan rambut agar lebih segar, sehat, dan agar aliran darah rambut menjadi lancar dan stabil.

●◆ Untuk kalian yang suka mandi dengan air panas/air suam, sebenarnya air panas tidak bisa menjaga kelembapan rambut pada kalian. Sebaiknya gunakan air dingin untuk menjaga kelembapan rambut kalian, agar mempunyai rambut seperti yang kalian inginkan.

●◆ Biarkan rambut bebas ketika tidur jangan diikat karena rambut juga memerlukan ruang bernafas juga. Apabila mengikat rambut terlalu kuat itu juga tidak baik karena helaian rambut bisa tertarik, itu bisa menyebabkan rambut kering dan gugur/rontok.

●◆ Hindari menggunakan gel rambut yang bisa menyebabkan rambut rontok/gugur dan kering.

●◆ Kalian harus tahu memilih jenis syampo yang sesuai dengan rambut kalian, memilih syampo yang benar akan membuat rambut kita sehat dan segar. Apabila kita salah memilih syampo, itu bisa menyebabkan rambut kita gugur dan kering juga berketombe/kelelumur.

●◆ Jangan keramas tiap hari, tapi untuk yang punya jenis rambut berminyak disarankan untuk keramas mencuci rambut setiap hari, dan ini tidak berlaku untuk kalian yang mempunyai jenis rambut kering. Mencuci rambut setiap hari akan mengurangkan minyak alami yang terkandung didalam rambut. Rambut bisa menjadi kusut dan juga kering, so bersyampo dua hari sekali sebenarnya itu sudah cukup.

●◆ Kalian juga harus mengamalkan makan Vitamin A,B,C, dan E bagus untuk penjagaan rambut.